Posts for Tag: retirement
Early Retirement Calculators and Tools
Interested in Early Retirement or FIRE (Financial Independence to Retire Early)?
Here are some interactive and educational planning tools that I developed to help you understand the concepts of FIRE and calculate how long it will take to achieve retirement and how likely you are to survive retirement. Click on the tools below to try them out.
Financial Independence Calculators
Regardless of where you are on your path to FIRE, there are several types of tools that are useful:
Planning to get to retirement
How long and how safe will your retirement be?
Rich, Broke or Dead? Will your Money Last Through Early Retirement?
Simulating retirement portfolio survival probability and human longevity
Determining the appropriate withdrawal rate (i.e. is 4% best?)
Understanding portfolio simulations and historical cycles
Interactive tool lets you explore the concept of historical simulations and understand how to determine a safe withdrawal rate
Tracking Progress to Retirement Target
Financial freedom calculator / calendar
Track your progress to retirement by calculating days of “freedom”, the number of days your savings could support you per year
These tools all focus on the concept of FIRE. FIRE is the concept that revolves around saving and investing to achieve Financial Independence (FI) and to potentially Retire Early (RE). One of the core concepts is that once you can save up enough money, you can retire by withdrawing a fraction of this money annually to cover your living expenses. Other important topics related to this core concept have to do with reducing spending so you can save money and investing so your money can grow and sustain your retirement over many decades.
Other visualizations and tools related to Financial Independence
These tools relate to taxes and stock market returns.
Calculating Returns from Periodic Investments
Visualizing Market Returns
Understanding Market Timing
Market Timing Game
How difficult is it to time the stock market?
Income Taxes
Income Tax Bracket Calculator
Tax bracket calculator to visualize how income and capital gains taxed
Data Sources and Tools:
See the individual tool to learn more about how it was made.
The 4% Rule, Trinity Study and Safe Withdrawal Rates Calculator
This 4% rule early retirement calculator is designed to help you learn about safe withdrawal rates for early retirement withdrawals and the 4% rule. Use it with your own numbers to determine how much money you can withdraw in retirement and how long your money will last.
UPDATE: April 2020: I’ve updated the market data to include annual data up to and including 2019.
I also fixed a small bug which affected real stock market returns so you may see a very slight reduction in average returns and success rates.
Instructions for using the calculator:
This calculator is designed to let you learn as you play with it. Tweaking inputs and assumptions and hovering and clicking on results will help you to really gain a feel for how withdrawal rates and market returns affect your chance of retirement success (i.e. making it through without running out of money).
Inputs You Can Adjust:
- Spending and initial balance – This will affect your withdrawal rate. The withdrawal rate is really the only thing that is important (doubling spending and retirement savings will still yield the same success rate).
- Asset allocation – Raise or lower your risk tolerance by holding more or less stock vs bonds
- Adjust retirement length – This affects the number of historical cycles that are used in the simulation, but also increases risk of failure.
- Add tax rates and investment fees – these will put a drag (i.e. lower) market returns and lower success rates
Options for Visualization:
- Display all cycles – this is the mess of spaghetti like curves that show all historical cycle simulations
- Display percentiles – this aggregates the simulations into percentiles to show most likely outcomes
- Hover/Click on legend years – this will allow you to highlight a single historical cycle (you can also use the arrow keys to step through historical cycles)
- Bottom graph can show either the sequence of returns (with average returns in 5 year periods) for a single historical cycle or distributions of returns in our historical data (1871 to 2016) and a single historical cycle. You can choose to look at returns for stocks, bonds or your specific asset allocation.
- The graph on the right shows a histogram of the ending balance of each historical cycle and color codes them to show percentiles.
What is the 4% Rule?
The 4% rule is a “rule of thumb” relating to safe retirement withdrawals. It states that if 4% of your retirement savings can cover one years worth of retirement spending (an alternative way to phrase it is if you have saved up 25 times your annual retirement spending), you have a high likelihood of having enough money to last a 30+ year retirement. A key point is that the probabilities shown here are just historical frequencies and not a guarantee of the future. However, if your plan has a high success rate (95+%) in these simulations, this implies that retirement plan should be okay unless future returns are on par with some of the worst in history.
The overall goal of this rule and analysis is identifying a “safe withdrawal rate” or SWR for retirement. A withdrawal rate is the percentage of your money that you withdraw from your retirement savings each year. If you’ve saved up $1 million and withdraw $100,000 each year, that is a 10% withdrawal rate.
The “safe” part of the withdrawal rate relates to the fact that if your investments generally grow by more than your annual spending, then your retirement savings should last over the length of your retirement. But average returns do not tell the whole story as the sequence of returns also plays a very important role, as will be discussed later.
One way to test this is through a backtesting simulation which forms the basis for the “Trinity Study”.
What is the Trinity Study?
The “Trinity Study” is a paper and analysis of this topic entitled “Retirement Spending: Choosing a Sustainable Withdrawal Rate,” by Philip L. Cooley, Carl M. Hubbard, and Daniel T. Walz, three professors at Trinity University. This study is a backtesting simulation that uses historical data to see if a retirement plan (i.e. a withdrawal rate) would have survived under past economic conditions. The approach is to take a “historical cycle”, i.e. a series of years from the past and test your retirement plan and see if it runs out of money (“fails”) or not (“survives”).
How do you test withdrawal rate?
Given modern equity and bond market data only stretches back about 150 years, there is some, but not a huge amount of data to use in this simulation. One example of a 30 year historical cycle would be 1900 to 1930, and another is 1970 to 2000. The Trinity study and this calculator tests withdrawal rates against all historical periods from 1871 until the present (e.g. 1871 to 1901, 1872 to 1902, 1873 to 1903, . . . . 1986 to 2016). Then across this 115 different historical cycles, it determines how many of these survived and how many failed.
The thinking is that if your retirement plan can survive periods that include recessions, depressions, world wars, and periods of high inflation, then perhaps it can survive the next 30-50 years.
The 4% rule that comes out of these studies basically states that a 4% withdrawal rate (e.g. $40,000 annual spending on a $1,000,000 retirement portfolio) will survive the vast majority of historical cycles (~96%). If you raise your withdrawal rate, the rate of failure increases, while if you lower your withdrawal rate, your rate of failure decreases.
The goal of this tool is to help you understand the mechanics of the a historical cycle simulation like was used in the Trinity Study and how the 4% rule came to be. This understanding can help you better plan for retirement with the uncertainty that goes along with planning 30+ years into the future. If you want to also see how longevity and life expectancy play a role in retirement planning, you can take a look at the Rich, Broke and Dead calculator.
This post and tool is a work in progress. I have a number of ideas that I will implement and add to it to help improve the visualization and clarity of these concepts.
If 4% is a conservative rate, what is the maximum withdrawal rate?
The future is unlikely to be identical to any of the set of historical cycles that are used in this simulation. And yet, there are enough years of data that there are a fairly large set of possible outcomes from running a simulation with this input data. One way to understand this variation is to see in the main graph above that the ending balance can potentially vary by more than $5 million dollars on an inflation adjusted basis on a starting balance of $1 million.
Another way to see this same variation in market returns is by looking at maximum withdrawal rate. This is the highest amount that you could withdraw annually over your retirement and (just barely) not run out of money by the end of your retirement.
This graph shows the maximum withdrawal rate for a given historical cycle (i.e. 1871 to 1901). For example, in the 1871 to 1901 30 year historical cycle, you could have used an 8.8% withdrawal rate (inflation adjusted $80,000 withdrawal annually on a $1 million initial investment balance) and not run out of money. This is because the sequence of market (stock and bond) returns in this historical cycle were able to (barely) outpace the rate of withdrawals at the end of the 30 year retirement period. Many other cycles show lower successful withdrawal rates, because those cycles had poorer sequences of returns, while some had higher maximum withdrawal rates.
The graph also highlights those cycles that show a maximum withdrawal rate below 4% in red, while all others are shown in green. Most of these withdrawal rates are well over 4%, with some quite a bit higher. This again shows that if the future is somewhat like one of these historical cycles, most likely a 4% withdrawal rate will be enough for you to retire without running out of money and that it is likely that you could end up with more money than you started.
Data source and Tools Historical Stock/Bond and Inflation data comes from Prof. Robert Shiller. Javascript is used to create the interactive calculator tool and the create the code in the simulations to test each historical cycle and aggregate the results, and graphed using Plot.ly open-source, javascript graphing library.
FIRE Calculator: When can I retire early?
When can I retire and how long do I need to save before I can retire?
That’s the key question! This interactive fire calculator was built to let you play with the inputs and help you understand how savings rate and retirement spending strongly determine how long it will take you to save up for retirement. Note: it does not simulate the post-retirement period when you start to draw down your savings. That can be done on this post-retirement fire calculator (Rich, Broke or Dead) which compares the frequency of various outcomes in retirement (running out of money, ending up with way too much money, and life-expectancy).
Rich, Broke or Dead? Post-Retirement FIRE Calculator: Visualizing Early Retirement Success and Longevity Risk
Rich, Broke or Dead?
One of the key issues with retiring is ensuring that the money you have saved will not be exhausted during your retirement. This is also known as Longevity Risk and is especially important if you want to retire early, since your retirement could be 50 years long (or more). This interactive post-retirement fire calculator and visualization looks at the question of whether your retirement savings can last long enough to support your retirement spending and combines it with average US life expectancy values to get a fuller picture of the likelihood of running out of money before you die.
It helps to answer the question: If I start out with $X dollars at the beginning of my retirement, will I run out of money before I die?
Financial Freedom Calculator (Multi-Period FIRE Visualization)
This is an update to the Financial Freedom Calculator. That one still works well, but this version adds the ability to add multiple savings amounts representing different periods in time. This allows you to visualize your progress towards financial freedom rather than just giving you the latest value for your freedom date. It does so by showing different colors for the different periods (you specify them by adding different savings amounts and names). It should be fairly obvious looking at the calculator, but if you had a total of 25000 in savings in 2016 and 70000 in 2017, then your calculator is colored in two sections representing the freedom days you had achieved in the two different years.
(more…)
Financial Freedom Calculator
The goal of the freedom calculator is to let you know how close to financial independence (i.e. freedom) you are, measuring your progress in terms of freedom days. The key determinants for retirement are total retirement savings and annual spending.
Freedom days refers to the number of days that your retirement savings could sustain you (without working) each year (indefinitely) at your current spending level. Once you reach 365 freedom days per year, you’ve got enough money saved up to never have to work again. The freedom date then tells you the date through which your retirement savings would support you each year. For example, if you have 100 freedom days then your spending could be covered through April 10th, each year.
How close are you to 365 “freedom days”?
Early Retirement Calculators and Tools
Interested in Early Retirement or FIRE (Financial Independence to Retire Early)?
Here are some interactive and educational planning tools that I developed to help you understand the concepts of FIRE and calculate how long it will take to achieve retirement and how likely you are to survive retirement. Click on the tools below to try them out.
Financial Independence Calculators
Regardless of where you are on your path to FIRE, there are several types of tools that are useful:
Planning to get to retirement
How long and how safe will your retirement be?
Rich, Broke or Dead? Will your Money Last Through Early Retirement?
Simulating retirement portfolio survival probability and human longevity
Determining the appropriate withdrawal rate (i.e. is 4% best?)
Understanding portfolio simulations and historical cycles
Interactive tool lets you explore the concept of historical simulations and understand how to determine a safe withdrawal rate
Tracking Progress to Retirement Target
Financial freedom calculator / calendar
Track your progress to retirement by calculating days of “freedom”, the number of days your savings could support you per year
These tools all focus on the concept of FIRE. FIRE is the concept that revolves around saving and investing to achieve Financial Independence (FI) and to potentially Retire Early (RE). One of the core concepts is that once you can save up enough money, you can retire by withdrawing a fraction of this money annually to cover your living expenses. Other important topics related to this core concept have to do with reducing spending so you can save money and investing so your money can grow and sustain your retirement over many decades.
Other visualizations and tools related to Financial Independence
These tools relate to taxes and stock market returns.
Calculating Returns from Periodic Investments
Visualizing Market Returns
Understanding Market Timing
How difficult is it to time the stock market?
Market Timing Game
Income Taxes
Tax bracket calculator to visualize how income and capital gains taxed
Income Tax Bracket Calculator
Data Sources and Tools:
See the individual tool to learn more about how it was made.
The 4% Rule, Trinity Study and Safe Withdrawal Rates Calculator
This 4% rule early retirement calculator is designed to help you learn about safe withdrawal rates for early retirement withdrawals and the 4% rule. Use it with your own numbers to determine how much money you can withdraw in retirement and how long your money will last.
UPDATE: April 2020: I’ve updated the market data to include annual data up to and including 2019.
I also fixed a small bug which affected real stock market returns so you may see a very slight reduction in average returns and success rates.
Instructions for using the calculator:
This calculator is designed to let you learn as you play with it. Tweaking inputs and assumptions and hovering and clicking on results will help you to really gain a feel for how withdrawal rates and market returns affect your chance of retirement success (i.e. making it through without running out of money).
Inputs You Can Adjust:
- Spending and initial balance – This will affect your withdrawal rate. The withdrawal rate is really the only thing that is important (doubling spending and retirement savings will still yield the same success rate).
- Asset allocation – Raise or lower your risk tolerance by holding more or less stock vs bonds
- Adjust retirement length – This affects the number of historical cycles that are used in the simulation, but also increases risk of failure.
- Add tax rates and investment fees – these will put a drag (i.e. lower) market returns and lower success rates
Options for Visualization:
- Display all cycles – this is the mess of spaghetti like curves that show all historical cycle simulations
- Display percentiles – this aggregates the simulations into percentiles to show most likely outcomes
- Hover/Click on legend years – this will allow you to highlight a single historical cycle (you can also use the arrow keys to step through historical cycles)
- Bottom graph can show either the sequence of returns (with average returns in 5 year periods) for a single historical cycle or distributions of returns in our historical data (1871 to 2016) and a single historical cycle. You can choose to look at returns for stocks, bonds or your specific asset allocation.
- The graph on the right shows a histogram of the ending balance of each historical cycle and color codes them to show percentiles.
What is the 4% Rule?
The 4% rule is a “rule of thumb” relating to safe retirement withdrawals. It states that if 4% of your retirement savings can cover one years worth of retirement spending (an alternative way to phrase it is if you have saved up 25 times your annual retirement spending), you have a high likelihood of having enough money to last a 30+ year retirement. A key point is that the probabilities shown here are just historical frequencies and not a guarantee of the future. However, if your plan has a high success rate (95+%) in these simulations, this implies that retirement plan should be okay unless future returns are on par with some of the worst in history.
The overall goal of this rule and analysis is identifying a “safe withdrawal rate” or SWR for retirement. A withdrawal rate is the percentage of your money that you withdraw from your retirement savings each year. If you’ve saved up $1 million and withdraw $100,000 each year, that is a 10% withdrawal rate.
The “safe” part of the withdrawal rate relates to the fact that if your investments generally grow by more than your annual spending, then your retirement savings should last over the length of your retirement. But average returns do not tell the whole story as the sequence of returns also plays a very important role, as will be discussed later.
One way to test this is through a backtesting simulation which forms the basis for the “Trinity Study”.
What is the Trinity Study?
The “Trinity Study” is a paper and analysis of this topic entitled “Retirement Spending: Choosing a Sustainable Withdrawal Rate,” by Philip L. Cooley, Carl M. Hubbard, and Daniel T. Walz, three professors at Trinity University. This study is a backtesting simulation that uses historical data to see if a retirement plan (i.e. a withdrawal rate) would have survived under past economic conditions. The approach is to take a “historical cycle”, i.e. a series of years from the past and test your retirement plan and see if it runs out of money (“fails”) or not (“survives”).
How do you test withdrawal rate?
Given modern equity and bond market data only stretches back about 150 years, there is some, but not a huge amount of data to use in this simulation. One example of a 30 year historical cycle would be 1900 to 1930, and another is 1970 to 2000. The Trinity study and this calculator tests withdrawal rates against all historical periods from 1871 until the present (e.g. 1871 to 1901, 1872 to 1902, 1873 to 1903, . . . . 1986 to 2016). Then across this 115 different historical cycles, it determines how many of these survived and how many failed.
The thinking is that if your retirement plan can survive periods that include recessions, depressions, world wars, and periods of high inflation, then perhaps it can survive the next 30-50 years.
The 4% rule that comes out of these studies basically states that a 4% withdrawal rate (e.g. $40,000 annual spending on a $1,000,000 retirement portfolio) will survive the vast majority of historical cycles (~96%). If you raise your withdrawal rate, the rate of failure increases, while if you lower your withdrawal rate, your rate of failure decreases.
The goal of this tool is to help you understand the mechanics of the a historical cycle simulation like was used in the Trinity Study and how the 4% rule came to be. This understanding can help you better plan for retirement with the uncertainty that goes along with planning 30+ years into the future. If you want to also see how longevity and life expectancy play a role in retirement planning, you can take a look at the Rich, Broke and Dead calculator.
This post and tool is a work in progress. I have a number of ideas that I will implement and add to it to help improve the visualization and clarity of these concepts.
If 4% is a conservative rate, what is the maximum withdrawal rate?
The future is unlikely to be identical to any of the set of historical cycles that are used in this simulation. And yet, there are enough years of data that there are a fairly large set of possible outcomes from running a simulation with this input data. One way to understand this variation is to see in the main graph above that the ending balance can potentially vary by more than $5 million dollars on an inflation adjusted basis on a starting balance of $1 million.
Another way to see this same variation in market returns is by looking at maximum withdrawal rate. This is the highest amount that you could withdraw annually over your retirement and (just barely) not run out of money by the end of your retirement.
This graph shows the maximum withdrawal rate for a given historical cycle (i.e. 1871 to 1901). For example, in the 1871 to 1901 30 year historical cycle, you could have used an 8.8% withdrawal rate (inflation adjusted $80,000 withdrawal annually on a $1 million initial investment balance) and not run out of money. This is because the sequence of market (stock and bond) returns in this historical cycle were able to (barely) outpace the rate of withdrawals at the end of the 30 year retirement period. Many other cycles show lower successful withdrawal rates, because those cycles had poorer sequences of returns, while some had higher maximum withdrawal rates.
The graph also highlights those cycles that show a maximum withdrawal rate below 4% in red, while all others are shown in green. Most of these withdrawal rates are well over 4%, with some quite a bit higher. This again shows that if the future is somewhat like one of these historical cycles, most likely a 4% withdrawal rate will be enough for you to retire without running out of money and that it is likely that you could end up with more money than you started.
Data source and Tools Historical Stock/Bond and Inflation data comes from Prof. Robert Shiller. Javascript is used to create the interactive calculator tool and the create the code in the simulations to test each historical cycle and aggregate the results, and graphed using Plot.ly open-source, javascript graphing library.
FIRE Calculator: When can I retire early?
When can I retire and how long do I need to save before I can retire?
That’s the key question! This interactive fire calculator was built to let you play with the inputs and help you understand how savings rate and retirement spending strongly determine how long it will take you to save up for retirement. Note: it does not simulate the post-retirement period when you start to draw down your savings. That can be done on this post-retirement fire calculator (Rich, Broke or Dead) which compares the frequency of various outcomes in retirement (running out of money, ending up with way too much money, and life-expectancy).
Rich, Broke or Dead? Post-Retirement FIRE Calculator: Visualizing Early Retirement Success and Longevity Risk
Rich, Broke or Dead?
One of the key issues with retiring is ensuring that the money you have saved will not be exhausted during your retirement. This is also known as Longevity Risk and is especially important if you want to retire early, since your retirement could be 50 years long (or more). This interactive post-retirement fire calculator and visualization looks at the question of whether your retirement savings can last long enough to support your retirement spending and combines it with average US life expectancy values to get a fuller picture of the likelihood of running out of money before you die.
It helps to answer the question: If I start out with $X dollars at the beginning of my retirement, will I run out of money before I die?
Financial Freedom Calculator (Multi-Period FIRE Visualization)
This is an update to the Financial Freedom Calculator. That one still works well, but this version adds the ability to add multiple savings amounts representing different periods in time. This allows you to visualize your progress towards financial freedom rather than just giving you the latest value for your freedom date. It does so by showing different colors for the different periods (you specify them by adding different savings amounts and names). It should be fairly obvious looking at the calculator, but if you had a total of 25000 in savings in 2016 and 70000 in 2017, then your calculator is colored in two sections representing the freedom days you had achieved in the two different years.
(more…)
Financial Freedom Calculator
Freedom days refers to the number of days that your retirement savings could sustain you (without working) each year (indefinitely) at your current spending level. Once you reach 365 freedom days per year, you’ve got enough money saved up to never have to work again. The freedom date then tells you the date through which your retirement savings would support you each year. For example, if you have 100 freedom days then your spending could be covered through April 10th, each year.
How close are you to 365 “freedom days”?
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